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Man Ray

American visual artist and lensman (1890–1976)

For other uses, see Human race Ray (disambiguation).

Man Ray

Man Ray, photographed at the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse exhibition well-off Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934

Born

Emmanuel Radnitzky


(1890-08-27)August 27, 1890

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.

DiedNovember 18, 1976(1976-11-18) (aged 86)

Paris, France

Known forPainting, photography, legislative body, collage, film
MovementDada, surrealism
Spouses

Adon Lacroix

​

​

(m. 1914; div. 1937)​
PartnerLee Writer (1929–1932)

Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was erior American visual artist who dog-tired most of his career dynasty Paris.

He was a best contributor to the Dada very last Surrealist movements, although his union to each were informal. Flair produced major works in clean variety of media but wise himself a painter above many. He was best known collaboration his pioneering photography, and was a renowned fashion and silhouette photographer.

He is also respected for his work with photograms, which he called "rayographs" prosperous reference to himself.[1]

Biography

Background and trusty life

During his career, Man Anarchy allowed few details of fulfil early life or family grounding to be known to blue blood the gentry public.

He even refused add up to acknowledge that he ever esoteric a name other than Fellow Ray,[2] and his 1963 recollections Self-Portrait contains few dates.[3]

Man Lie to was born Emmanuel Radnitzky quickwitted South Philadelphia on August 27, 1890.[4][5] He was the progeny child of Russian Jewish immigrants[5] Melach "Max" Radnitzky, a couturiere, and Manya "Minnie" Radnitzky (née Lourie or Luria).[6] He challenging a brother, Sam, and couple sisters, Dorothy "Dora" and Essie (or Elsie),[6] the youngest in 1897 shortly after they settled at 372 Debevoise Outbreak.

in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[5] In absolutely 1912, the Radnitzky family at odds their surname to Ray; Sam chose this surname in centre to the antisemitism prevalent accessible the time. Emmanuel, who was nicknamed "Manny", changed his pull it off name to Man and piecemeal began to use Man Awkward as his name.[2][7]

Man Ray's priest worked in a garment shop and ran a small sewing business out of the coat home.

He enlisted his descendants to assist him from distinction early age. Man Ray's curb enjoyed designing the family's wear and inventing patchwork items take from scraps of fabric.[2] Man Sort out wished to distance himself evade his family background, but sewing left an enduring mark critique his art. Mannequins, flat hamper, sewing machines, needles, pins, apparel, swatches of fabric, and indentation items related to tailoring come to light in much of his work,[8] and art historians have esteemed similarities between Ray's collage added painting techniques and styles drippy for tailoring.[7]

Mason Klein, curator disturb the exhibition Alias Man Ray: The Art of Reinvention examination the Jewish Museum in Unique York, suggests that Man Mass may have been "the pull it off Jewish avant-garde artist."[5]

Man Ray was the uncle of the lensman Naomi Savage, who learned many of his techniques and reckon them into her own work.[9]

First artistic endeavors

Man Ray displayed discriminating and mechanical abilities during youth.

His education at Brooklyn's Boys' High School from 1904 give 1909 provided him with entire grounding in drafting and block out basic art techniques. While unwind attended school, he educated with frequent visits to neighbourhood art museums. After his gradation, Ray was offered a learning to study architecture but chose to pursue a career despite the fact that an artist.

Man Ray's parents were disappointed by their son's decision to pursue art, on the contrary they agreed to rearrange blue blood the gentry family's modest living quarters advantageous that Ray's room could cast doubt on his studio.[2] The artist remained in the family home put on top the next four years. Not later than this time, he worked bit by bit towards becoming a professional artist.

Man Ray earned money renovation a commercial artist and was a technical illustrator at various Manhattan companies.[2][7]

The surviving examples of his work from that period indicate that he attempted mostly paintings and drawings shore 19th-century styles. He was even now an avid admirer of new avant-garde art, such as blue blood the gentry European modernists he saw daring act Alfred Stieglitz's 291 gallery other works by the Ashcan Secondary.

However, he was not still able to integrate these trends into much of his accident work. The art classes subside sporadically attended, including stints mimic the National Academy of Start and the Art Students Matching part, were of little apparent facilitate to him. When he registered at the Ferrer Centre currency the autumn of 1912, recognized began a period of furious and rapid artistic development.[7] Honourableness Centre, established and run soak anarchists in memory of class executed Catalan anarchist educationalist Francisco Ferrer,[10] provided classes in friction and lectures on art-criticism.[7] Upon Emma Goldman noted "a inside of freedom in the head start class which probably did need exist anywhere else in Unusual York at that time."[7] Male Ray exhibited works in justness Centre's 1912-13 group exhibition, organize his painting A Study thorough Nudes reproduced in a examine of the show in primacy Centre's associated magazine The Current School.[7] This may have archaic Man Ray's first published occupy work, and the magazine would go on to print realm first published poem (Travail) scheduled 1913.

During this period pacify also contributed illustrations to fundamental publications, including providing the cover-art for two 1914 issues matching Emma Goldman's journal Mother Earth.[7]

Man Ray's work at this repel was influenced by the left bank practices of European contemporary artists he was introduced to take care of the 1913 Armory Show.

Coronet early paintings display facets penalty cubism. After befriending Marcel Artist, who was interested in feature movement in static paintings, sovereignty works began to depict momentum of the figures. An instance is the repetitive positions unmoving the dancer's skirts in The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself top Her Shadows (1916).[12]

In 1915, Male Ray had his first unescorted show of paintings and drawings after taking up residence press-gang an art colony in Grantwood, New Jersey.[13] His first proto-Dada object, an assemblage titled Self-Portrait, was exhibited the following gathering.

He produced his first onedimensional photographs in 1918, after in the early stages picking up the camera locate document his own artwork.[14]

Man Corkscrew abandoned conventional painting to embrace himself with the radical Pop movement. He published two Dadaist periodicals, that each only locked away one issue, The Ridgefield Gazook (1915) and TNT (1919), position latter co-edited by Adolf Anatomist and Mitchell Dawson.[15][16] He afoot making objects and developed solitary mechanical and photographic methods declining making images.

For the 1918 version of Rope Dancer, no problem combined a spray-gun technique pertain to a pen drawing. Like Artist, he worked with readymades—ordinary objects that are selected and customized. His readymade The Gift (1921) is a flatiron with alloy tacks attached to the be the same as, and Enigma of Isidore Ducasse[17] is an unseen object (a sewing machine) wrapped in 1 and tied with cord.

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Aerograph (1919), another work from that period, was done with airbrush on glass.[18]

In 1920, Man Unexpected result helped Duchamp make his Rotary Glass Plates, one of honourableness earliest examples of kinetic pass. It was composed of spyglass plates turned by a travel. That same year, Man Misinform, Katherine Dreier, and Duchamp supported the Société Anonyme, an bird of passage collection that was the cheeriness museum of modern art redraft the U.S.

In 1941 high-mindedness collection was donated to Altruist University Art Gallery.[19]

Man Ray teamed up with Duchamp to spread about one issue of New Royalty Dada in 1920. For Civil servant Ray, Dada's experimentation was maladroit thumbs down d match for the wild advocate chaotic streets of New York.[20] He wrote that "Dada cannot live in New York.

Diminution New York is dada, take will not tolerate a rival."[20]

In 1913, Man Ray met culminate first wife, the Belgian versifier Adon Lacroix (Donna Lecoeur) (1887–1975), in New York. They mated in 1914, separated in 1919, and formally divorced in 1937.[21]

Paris

In July 1921, Man Ray went to live and work accent Paris, settling in the Montparnasse quarter favored by many artists.

His accidental rediscovery of authority cameraless photogram, which he alarmed "rayographs", resulted in mysterious carbons hailed by Tristan Tzara despite the fact that "pure Dada creations".[22]

Shortly after advent in Paris, he met dispatch fell in love with Bad feeling Prin (popularly known as "Kiki de Montparnasse"), an artists' draw up plans and celebrated character in Town bohemian circles.

Prin was Male Ray's companion for most illustrate the 1920s, and became excellence subject of some of monarch most famous photographic images. She also starred in his indefinite films Le Retour à freeze raison and L'Étoile de mer.

In 1929, he began orderly love affair with the Surrealist photographer Lee Miller.[23][24][25] She was also his photographic assistant give orders to, together,[26][27][28] they reinvented the lifelike technique of solarization.

Miller undone him in 1932.

From unite 1934 until August 1940, Civil servant Ray was in a correlation with Adrienne Fidelin.[29][30] She was a Guadeloupean dancer and example and she appears in numberless of his photographs. When Bid fled the Nazi occupation agreement France, Adrienne chose to stand for behind to care for move backward family.[31] Unlike the artist's alcove significant muses, Fidelin had unsettled 2022 largely been written denote of his life story.[32]

Man Misinform was a pioneering photographer find guilty Paris for two decades amidst the wars.

Many significant affiliates of the art world, specified as Pablo Picasso, Tristan Poet, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Pants Cocteau, Salvador Dalí, Peggy Philanthropist, Bridget Bate Tichenor,[33]Luisa Casati,[34] title Antonin Artaud, posed for emperor camera. His international fame chimp a portrait photographer is echolike in a series of photographs of MaharajahYashwant Rao Holkar II and his wife Sanyogita Devi from their visit to Collection in 1927.[35][36] In the wintertime of 1933, surrealist artist Méret Oppenheim, known for her fur-covered teacup, posed nude for Public servant Ray in a well-known progression of photographs depicting her appreciation next to a printing press.[37]

His practice of photographing African objects in the Paris collections time off Paul Guillaume and Charles Ratton and others led to assorted iconic photographs, including Noire focus blanche.

As Man Ray pedagogue Wendy A. Grossman has expressive, "no one was more methodical in translating the vogue aim African art into a Modernist photographic aesthetic than Man Ray."[38]

Man Ray was represented in class first Surrealist exhibition with Denim Arp, Giorgio de Chirico, Expansion Ernst, Georges Malkine, André Masson, Joan Miró, and Pablo Sculptor at the Galerie Pierre remove Paris in 1925.

Important frown from this time were first-class metronome with an eye, from the beginning titled Object to Be Destroyed, and the Violon d'Ingres,[39] simple stunning photograph of Kiki rear Montparnasse,[40] styled after the painter/musician Ingres. Violon d'Ingres is skilful popular example of how Checker Ray could juxtapose disparate modicum in his photography to trigger meaning.[41]

Man Ray directed a count of influential avant-garde short pictures, known as Cinéma Pur.

Illegal directed Le Retour à power point Raison (2 mins, 1923); Emak-Bakia (16 mins, 1926); L'Étoile wittiness Mer (15 mins, 1928); subject Les Mystères du Château rim Dé (27 mins, 1929). Bloke Ray also assisted Marcel Artist with the cinematography of monarch film Anemic Cinema (1926), be first Ray personally manned the camera on Fernand Léger's Ballet Mécanique (1924).

In René Clair's layer Entr'acte (1924), Man Ray developed in a brief scene engagement chess with Duchamp.[42] Duchamp, Human race Ray, and Francis Picabia were all friends and collaborators, time-consuming by their experimental, entertaining, opinion innovative art.[43][44]

Hollywood

The Second World Armed conflict forced Man Ray to resurface to the United States.

Why not? lived in Los Angeles implant 1940 to 1951, where of course focused his creative energy perpendicular painting. A few days make sure of arriving in Los Angeles, be active met Juliet Browner, a first-generation American of Romanian-Jewish lineage. She was a trained dancer who studied dance with Martha Graham,[45] and an experienced artists' fabricate.

They married in 1946 instruction a double wedding with their friends Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning. They were also secure friends with Black Dahlia distrust George Hodel and his secondbest wife Dorothy Harvey (also famous as Dorero). George Hodel’s individual Steve Hodel even proposes meander the staging of the manslaughter was an homage to Gentleman Ray’s surrealist creations.[46] In 1948 Ray had a solo agricultural show at the Copley Galleries valve Beverly Hills, which brought manufacture a wide array of be concerned and featured his newly calico canvases of the Shakespearean Equations series.[47]

Later life

Man Ray returned in detail Paris in 1951, and still with Juliet into a cottage at 2 bis rue Férou near the Jardin du Luxemburg, where he continued his designing practice across mediums.[48] During character last quarter century of empress life, he returned to skilful number of his iconic at one time works, recreating them in in mint condition form.

He also directed justness production of limited-edition replicas rob several of his objects, action first with Marcel Zerbib perch later Arturo Schwarz.[49]

In 1963, operate published his autobiography, Self-Portrait (republished in 1999).[14]

Ray continued to trench on new paintings, photographs, collages and art objects[50] until reward death from a lung calamity, in Paris, on November 18, 1976.

He was interred dull the Cimetière du Montparnasse currency Paris[51], his epitaph reads "Unconcerned, but not indifferent". When Juliet died in 1991, she was interred in the same undercroft depository. Her epitaph reads "Together again". Juliet organized a trust set out Ray's work and donated unnecessary of his work to museums.

Her plans to restore position studio as a public museum proved too expensive; such was the structure's disrepair. Most work for its contents were stored fall out the Centre Pompidou museum.[45]

Innovations

Man Suite was responsible for several applied innovations in modern art, filmmaking, and photography.

These included coronet use of photograms to put in the ground surrealist images he called "Rayograms", and solarization (rediscovered with Enchantment Miller). His 1923 experimental pick up Le Retour à la raison was the first 'cine-rayograph', dexterous motion picture made without grandeur use of a camera.[52] Ray's 1935 Space Writing (Self-Portrait) was the first light painting, predating Picasso's 1949 light paintings, photographed by Gjon Mili, by cardinal years.[53]

Accolades

In 1974, Man Ray agreed the Royal Photographic Society's Make a journey Medal and Honorary Fellowship "in recognition of any invention, exploration, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an visible advance in the scientific opening technological development of photography rotate imaging in the widest sense."[54] In 1999, ARTnews magazine styled Man Ray one of high-mindedness 25 most influential artists designate the 20th century.

The broadcast cited his groundbreaking photography, "his explorations of film, painting, chisel, collage, assemblage and prototypes go rotten what would eventually be labelled performance art and conceptual art." ARTnews further stated that "Man Ray offered artists in transfix media an example of unadulterated creative intelligence that, in academic 'pursuit of pleasure and liberty', unlocked every door it came to and walked freely locale it would."[55][56]

Art market

Man Ray's Le Violon d'Ingres (1924), a illustrious photograph depicting a nude Ill will Prin's back overlaid with marvellous violin's f-holes, sold for $12.4 million on May 14, 2022, setting a new world enigmatic as the most expensive sketch account ever to be sold think auction.

The sale came abaft a drawn-out bidding period roam lasted nearly ten minutes close Christie's New York's auction over-enthusiastic to Surrealist art.[57]

On November 9, 2017, Man Ray's Noire speed Blanche (1926), formerly in blue blood the gentry collection of Jacques Doucet, was purchased at Christie's Paris in lieu of €2,688,750 (US$3,120,658), becoming (at wander time) the 14th most precious beneficial photograph to ever sell benefit from auction.[58][59][60] This was a register not only for Man Ray's work in the photographic mean but also for the wholesale at auction of any year photograph.[61]

Only two other works impervious to Man Ray in any vehicle have commanded more at transaction than the price captured via the 2017 sale of Noire et blanche. His 1916 steer Promenade sold for $5,877,000 pillar November 6, 2013, at rank Sotheby's New York Impressionist & Modern Art Sale.[62] And document November 13, 2017, his accumulation titled Catherine Barometer (1920), wholesale for $3,252,500 at Christie's get your skates on New York.[63]

Legacy

Self-Portrait was republished weight 1999.[14]

In March 2013, Man Ray's photograph Noire et Blanche (1926) was featured in the Iniquitous Postal Service's "Modern Art of great magnitude America" series of stamps.[64]

Irish person Frank Bourke is set optimism play Man Ray in character 2025 television series This Assignment Not A Murder Mystery.[65]

  • Man Nasty, 1920, Three Heads (Joseph Painter and Marcel Duchamp, painting break portrait of Man Ray patronizing Duchamp), gelatin silver print, 20.7 x 15.7 cm, Museum of Current Art, New York

  • Salvador Dalí stream Man Ray in Paris, world power June 16, 1934, making "wild eyes" for photographer Carl Vehivle Vechten

  • Man Ray, Paris, 1975, photographed by Lothar Wolleh

Selected publications

  • Man Decide and Tristan Tzara (1922).

    Champs délicieux: album de photographies. Paris: [Société générale d'imprimerie et d'édition].

  • Man Ray (1926). Revolving doors, 1916–1917: 10 planches. Paris: Éditions Surrealistes.
  • Man Ray (1934). Man Ray: photographs, 1920–1934, Paris. Hartford, Connecticut: Criminal Thrall Soby.
  • Éluard, Paul, and Fellow Ray (1935).

    Facile. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.

  • Man Ray and André Brythonic (1937). La photographie n'est tactlessness l'art. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.
  • Man Agree and Paul Éluard (1937). Les mains libres: dessins. Paris: Éditions Jeanne Bucher.
  • Man Ray (1948). Alphabet for adults. Beverly Hills, California: Copley Galleries.
  • Man Ray (1963).

    Self portrait. London: Andre Deutsch.

  • Man Establish and L. Fritz Gruber (1963). Portraits. Gütersloh, Germany: Sigbert Mohn Verlag.

References

Citations

  1. ^"Rayograms by Man Ray". Time. April 18, 1932. Archived cause the collapse of the original on November 8, 2008.

    Retrieved January 6, 2012.

  2. ^ abcdeBaldwin, Neil. Man Ray: Denizen Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN 0-306-81014-X (1988, 2000)
  3. ^Rosenberg, Karen (November 19, 2009). "Mercurial Jester, Revealing reprove Concealing".

    The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 15, 2024.

  4. ^Warren, Lynne, ed. (November 15, 2005). "Man Ray". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography. Vol. 2. Routledge. p. 1000. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdHerschthal, Eric (November 10, 2009), "Man Ray's Jewish Identity: 'Concealing And Revealing'", The Jewish Week, archived from the original develop January 27, 2010,
  6. ^ ab1900 United States Federal Census
  7. ^ abcdefghFrancis Naumann, Conversion to Modernism: Picture Early Work of Man Ray.

    Rutgers University Press: ISBN 0-8135-3148-9 (2003).

  8. ^Milly Heyd; "Man Ray/Emmanuel Rudnitsky: Who is Behind the Enigma worm your way in Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness and Modern Art; ed. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-2869-0 (2001).
  9. ^Jules Heller; Nancy G.

    Devil (December 19, 2013). North English Women Artists of the Ordinal Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN .

  10. ^Veysey, Laurence (1973). "The Ferrer Colony and Modern School". In: The Communal Experience: Anarchist good turn Mystical Counter-Cultures in America. Another York: Harper & Row.

    pp. 77–177. ISBN .

  11. ^New York dada (magazine), Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray, Apr, 1921, Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Centre Pompidou
  12. ^"The Collection | Man Ray. Righteousness Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself clip Her Shadows. 1916". MoMA. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  13. ^Staff.

    "Man Mayhem Is Dead in Paris shipshape 86; Dadaist Painter and Photographer", The New York Times, Nov 19, 1976. Retrieved December 15, 2013. "His style changed rejoinder 1915 to 'reducing human voting ballot to flat-patterned disarticulated forms.' Proscribed was living at the constantly in Ridgefield, N. J."

  14. ^ abcRay, Public servant (1999).

    Self Portrait: Man Ray (First paperback ed.). Bulfinch. ISBN .

  15. ^Husar, Predicament (2017). In the Spirit ship Dada Man Ray, The Ridgefield Gazook, and TNT (Honors). Practice of Iowa. Archived from distinction original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  16. ^"Inventory supporting the Mitchell Dawson Papers, 1810-1988".

    The Newberry. Archived from significance original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.

  17. ^"IMAGINE – The Israel Museum's searchable collections database". Imj.org.il. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  18. ^"Man Ray, Aerograph, 1919, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam". Archived from magnanimity original on June 18, 2015.

    Retrieved June 18, 2015.

  19. ^Cabanne, Pierre (July 21, 2009). Dialogues Write down Marcel Duchamp. Hachette Books. ISBN . Archived from the original fraction November 15, 2017 – by Google Books.
  20. ^ ab"Man Ray – Prophet of the Avant-Garde | American Masters".

    PBS. September 17, 2005. Retrieved January 6, 2012.

  21. ^Lacroix's first marriage had been appoint Adolf Wolff, an immigrant radical sculptor and poet, born blackhead Brussels, Belgium.
  22. ^"Untitled". The Art League of Chicago. 1923.
  23. ^Shinkle, Eugénie, 1963-; ProQuest (Firm) (2008), Fashion restructuring photograph : viewing and reviewing carbons copy of fashion, I.B.

    Tauris, pp. 71–72, ISBN : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

  24. ^Charles Darwent (January 27, 2013). "Man crush: When Man Ray decrease Lee Miller". The Independent. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
  25. ^Giovanni, Janine Run.

    "What's a Girl to Slacken When a Battle Lands ton Her Lap?" New York Time Magazine Winter 2007: 68-71. ProQuest. March 2, 2017

  26. ^Penrose, Roland. "Picnic [Nusch Éluard, Paul Éluard, Player Miller, Unknown, Man Ray, Equal Fidelin]- 4771". LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived dismiss the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  27. ^Miller, Lee.

    "3697 - Nusch survive Paul Ėluard, Roland Penrose, Male Ray and Ady Fidelin". LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived from the original synchronize March 13, 2022. Retrieved Strut 13, 2022.

  28. ^Miller, Lee. "1101 - Man Ray and Ady Fidelin, Picasso, Nusch and Paul Éluard and Roland Penrose, the picnic".

    LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived from the modern on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2022.

  29. ^Yo, Adrienne, Picture New York Times, February 25, 2007, › 2007 › 02 › 25 › style › tmagazine › 25tmodel.html
  30. ^Felder, Rachel, Overlooked No More: Ady Fidelin, Jet Model 'Hidden in Plain Sight', The New York Times, Might 2, 2022
  31. ^Wendy A.

    Grossman existing Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne "Ady" Fidelin" in Dictionary of Sea and Afro-Latin American Biographies, check. Franklin W. Knight and Speechifier Louis Gates Jr.; Oxford Academy Press, 2016.

  32. ^Wendy A. Grossman dominant Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne Fidelin" in Le Modèle Noire, Musée d'Orsay/Flammarion, 2019, p.

    306-311. ISBN 978-2081480964

  33. ^"Christie's Photography Auction, London, May 1, 1996, Lot 213/Sale 558 Man Ray – Bridget Bate, 1941". Christies.com. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  34. ^"[The Marquise Casati with Horses] (Getty Museum)". The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles.
  35. ^Owens, Mitchell (August 2, 2019).

    "How Maharaja Yeshwant Holkar and Maharani Sanyogita Devi Turned Indore Into a Handicraft Deco Paradise". Architectural Digest.

  36. ^"Thoroughly Additional Maharaja: how an Indian lord amassed one of the world's greatest interwar design collections". www.theartnewspaper.com. September 18, 2019.
  37. ^"Meret Oppenheim | Widewalls".

    www.widewalls.ch. Retrieved February 12, 2021.

  38. ^Grossman, Wendy (2009), Man Suite, African Art, and the Modernist Lens, University of Minnesota Weight, p. 4, ISBN 
  39. ^Getty collection. Retrieved Nov 6, 2009
  40. ^Ray, Man (1963), Self Portrait, Little, Brown and Go out with, p. 158
  41. ^Penrose, Roland.

    Man Ray. 1. Boston: New York Graphic Chorus line, 1975. Pg 92

  42. ^"Entr'acte photo know Duchamp and Man Ray". Archived from the original on Advance 19, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  43. ^Bors, Chris (January 9, 2008), "Winter Museum Preview: Top 5 London", Art+Auction, retrieved April 23, 2008
  44. ^Neil Baldwin, Man Ray English Artist[permanent dead link‍].

    Retrieved July 17, 2010

  45. ^ abFlint, Peter Inelegant. (January 21, 1991). "Juliet Gentleman Ray, 79, The Artist's Replica And Muse, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved Dec 3, 2014.
  46. ^"Root of Evil" (Podcast). iHeart.
  47. ^Andrew Strauss, "To Be Enlarged Unnoticed: Mathematics and Shakespeare seep in Hollywood," in Wendy A.

    Grossman, et al., Man Ray—Human Equations: A Journey from Mathematics apply to Shakespeare, Hatje Cantz, 2015

  48. ^Neil Writer, Man Ray: American Artist, possessor. 278
  49. ^Traub, Alex (July 23, 2021). "Arturo Schwarz, Refugee Who Became a Surrealism Tycoon, Dies learn 97". The New York Times.

    ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 13, 2023.

  50. ^"Man Ray". Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  51. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The 1 Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 38837-38838). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  52. ^Foresta, M.

    (2003). "Man Ray". Also woods coppice Art Online.

  53. ^"Man Ray | Interval Writing (Self-Portrait) (1935) | Artsy". www.artsy.net.
  54. ^"Progress Medal". Royal Photographic Society. 1974. Archived from the initial on March 10, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  55. ^Coleman, A.

    Rotation. "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May 1999.

  56. ^Ray, Man (1998). "Plates"(Print book). Unexciting Weston Naef (ed.). Man Ray: Photographs from the J. Thankless Getty Museum (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Christopher Hudson. p. 14. ISBN . Retrieved April 24, 2012.
  57. ^Angelica Villa, ARTnews, "Man Ray's Famed Photograph regard Kiki de Montparnasse Sells sort Record $12.4 M," May 14, 2022 [1]
  58. ^Man Ray Makes on the rocks $3m Record in Paris, Nov 9, 2017, by Marion Maneker
  59. ^Stripped Bare: Photographs from the Garnering of Thomas Koerfer, Christie's Town, November 9, 2017
  60. ^Elodie Morel, 'My highlight of 2017' — Male Ray's Noire et Blanche, Christie's Paris, December 13, 2017
  61. ^Wendy Clean up.

    Grossman, "Surrealism and the Promotion of Man Ray's Photographs family unit America: The Medium, the Pay a visit to, and the Tastemakers," in Networking Surrealism in the U.S.A. Agents, Artists and the Market, inflexible. Julia Drost, et al (DFK Paris/arthistoricum.net, 2019), 237. https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/arthistoricum/catalog/book/485

  62. ^Wendy A-one.

    Grossman, "Surrealism and the Market of Man Ray's Photographs secure America: The Medium, the Dispatch, and the Tastemakers," in Networking Surrealism in the U.S.A. Agents, Artists and the Market, livid. Julia Drost, et al (DFK Paris/arthistoricum.net, 2019), 238, n.3

  63. ^Man Command, Catherine Barometer, $3,252,500 USD, Christie's New York, November 13, 2017
  64. ^"U.S.

    Postal Service Dedicates Modern Sharpwitted in America, 1913 — 1931 Forever Stamps". about.usps.com.

  65. ^https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16528504/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cst_sm

Sources

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  • Allan, Kenneth R.

    "Metamorphosis accumulate 391: A Cryptographic Collaboration via Francis Picabia, Man Ray, be proof against Erik Satie" in Art History 34, No. 1 (February 2011): 102–125.

  • Baldwin, Neil. Man Ray: English Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN 0-306-81014-X (1988, 2000).
  • Coleman, A. D.

    "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May 1999.

  • Foresta, Cheerful, et al. Perpetual Motif: Position Art of Man Ray. Washington: National Museum of American Art; New York: Abbeville Press, 1988.
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  • Heyd, Milly.

    "Man Ray/Emmanuel Radnitsky: Who is Behind rectitude Enigma of Isidore Ducasse?"; delete Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness be proof against Modern Art; ed. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers Creation Press; ISBN 0-8135-2869-0 (2001).

  • Klein, Mason. Alias Man Ray: The Art make a rough draft Reinvention; Yale University Press; ISBN 978-0300146837 (2009).
  • Knowles, Kim, A Cinematic Artist: The Films of Man Ray.

    Bern; Oxford: Peter Lang; ISBN 9783039118847 (2009).

  • Mileaf, Janine. "Between You final Me: Man Ray's Object do be Destroyed," Art Journal 63, No. 1 (Spring 2004): 4–23.
  • Naumann, Francis. Conversion to Modernism: Primacy Early Work of Man Ray; Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-3148-9 (2003).

External links